| Appearance | Varies by species; typically straight-grained with visible rings |
| Color | Light to dark brown, reddish, yellowish, or pale (varies by species) |
| Odor | Mild to strong (some species have distinctive scents, e.g., cedar) |
| Texture | Fine to coarse, depending on species |
| Density | 300 – 900 kg/m³ (softwood to hardwood range) |
| Moisture Content (Air-Dry) | 8% – 20% |
| Hardness (Janka) | 1,000 – 5,000 N (varies widely by species) |
| Grain | Straight, interlocked, wavy, or spiral |
| Specific Gravity | 0.3 – 0.9 |
| Shrinkage (Green to Oven-Dry) | 2% – 12% depending on species and orientation |
| Modulus of Elasticity | 6,000 – 16,000 MPa |
| Modulus of Rupture | 40 – 150 MPa |
| Durability | Low to high (varies by species and treatment) |
| Workability | Easy to difficult (depends on grain and hardness) |
