| Appearance | Brown to dark brown granules or beans |
| Odor | Characteristic aromatic smell |
| Taste | Bitter, slightly acidic |
| Particle Size (Ground) | Coarse to fine (depending on grind level) |
| Moisture Content | 2% to 5% (for roasted coffee beans) |
| Bulk Density | 0.30 - 0.60 g/cm³ (depending on grind type) |
| pH (Brewed Coffee) | 4.5 to 6.0 |
| Solubility | Insoluble in water (beans/grounds), soluble in part when brewed |
| Color | Brown to black (roasted), varies by roast level |
| Volatile Compounds | Over 800 (e.g., aldehydes, esters, ketones) |
