| Material | Fine granular particles of rock, mainly silica (quartz) |
| Particle Size Range | 0.075 mm to 4.75 mm (as per IS: 383 classification for fine aggregates) |
| Specific Gravity | 2.6 to 2.7 (typical for quartz-based sand) |
| Bulk Density | 1,450 to 1,650 kg/m³ (loose to moderately compacted condition) |
| Fineness Modulus | 2.2 to 3.2 (indicator of average grain size; varies with type) |
| Water Absorption | 0.5% to 4% (depending on cleanliness and grain type) |
| Moisture Content | 2% to 6% (natural moisture content can vary) |
| Silt Content | Should not exceed 8% (preferably <3% for high-quality construction) |
| Clay & Dust Content | Should be minimal; <3% (affects bonding in cement) |
| Shape of Particles | Rounded to angular (natural sand); more angular in manufactured sand (M-sand) |
| Texture | Rough to smooth, depending on source |
| Hardness | High (Mohs hardness of quartz is 7) |
| Color | Light brown, yellowish, grey, or white (depends on mineral content) |
